In Debian 11 with an Intel® NUC 11 Pro Kit NUC11TNKv7 (with Thunderbolt), the 4 4TB SSDs are all displayed individually.

The unit must be connected to a PC with a Thunderbolt port.
I am using the device on an older Mac with Thunderbolt 2: with a Thunderbolt 2 to Thunderbolt 3 adapter, I can access the Thunderbay without any problem. On the USB-A port of the same Mac, with a USB-A to USB-C cable, I cannot access the Thunderbay. I assume that the same applies to a Windows or Linux PC. (Tested with a Windows PC, connected to the USB-A port: Windows 10 does indeed recognise a connected device, but requires it to be connected to a Thunderbolt port).
Regarding Linux: one advantage of the OWC Thunderbay is that the device comes with a licence for SoftRaid. SoftRaid is only available for Windows and Mac, not for Linux. The Thunderbay itself does not contain a RAID controller. Therefore, either the disks must be addressed individually (without RAID), or a software RAID solution for Linux must be used. There seems to be some, but I have no experience in this.

I can't answer the questions, but I wonder why you want an (expensive) Thunderbolt peripheral if your computer doesn't have Thunderbolt?

It is an enclosure with Thunderbolt port, from the description: "... has two Thunderbolt 3 ports". Therefore, it can only be operated on devices with a Thunderbolt interface, USB does not work.